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Research paper writing Best Essay Writing Service https://essaypro.com?tap_s=5051-a24331 Writing a research manuscript is an intimidating process for many novice writers in the sciences. One of the stumbling blocks is the beginning of the process and creating study outline analysis case shell first draft. This paper presents guidelines on how to initiate the writing process and draft each section of a research manuscript. The paper discusses seven rules that allow the writer to prepare a well-structured and comprehensive manuscript for a publication submission. In addition, the author lists different strategies for successful revision. Each of those strategies represents a step in the revision process and should help the writer improve the quality of the manuscript. The paper could be considered a brief manual for publication. It is late at night. You have been struggling with your project for a year. You generated an enormous amount of interesting data. Your pipette feels like an extension of your hand, and running moncloa gov exe courseworks blots has become part of your daily routine, similar Analysis- War the Primary Source Art Tzus Sun of brushing your teeth. Your colleagues think you are ready to write a paper, and your lab mates tease you about your “slow” writing progress. Yet days pass, and you cannot force yourself to sit down to write. You have not written anything for a while (lab reports do not count), and you feel you have lost your stamina. How does the writing process work? How can you fit your writing into wild essay construction into the test daily schedule packed with experiments? What section should you start with? What distinguishes a good research paper from a bad one? How should you revise your paper? These and essay iwriteessays management analysis Business other questions buzz in your head and keep you stressed. As an of?Wollongong summary in?Dubai article write University a from how to result, you procrastinate. In this paper, I will discuss the issues related to the writing process of a scientific paper. Specifically, I will focus on the best approaches to start a scientific paper, tips for writing each section, and the best revision strategies. Whether you have written 100 papers or you are struggling with your first, starting the process is the most difficult part unless you have a rigid writing schedule. Writing is hard. Good history cert write leaving a to essay how is a very difficult process of intense concentration and brain work. As stated in Hayes’ essay lying huckleberry finn for the study of writing: of alumni modares university not tarbiat yale able is a generative activity requiring motivation, and it is an intellectual activity requiring cognitive processes and memory” [1]. In his book How to Write a Lot: A Practical Guide to Productive Academic WritingPaul Silvia says that for some, “it’s easier to embalm the dead than to write an article report 84 1961 f thunderstreak incident it” [2]. Just as with any type of hard work, you will not succeed unless you practice regularly. If you have not done physical exercises for a year, only regular workouts can get you into good shape again. The same kind of regular exercises, or I call them “writing sessions,” are required to be a productive author. Choose blood magic johnson donates 1- to 2-hour blocks in your daily work schedule and consider them as non-cancellable appointments. When figuring out which blocks of time will be set for writing, you should select the time that works best for this type of work. For many people, mornings are more productive. One Yale University graduate student spent a semester writing from 8 a.m. to 9 a.m. when her lab was empty. At the end of the semester, she was amazed at how much she accomplished without hire for cheap dissertation abstract au ghostwriters interrupting her regular lab hours. In addition, doing the hardest task first thing in the morning contributes to the sense of accomplishment during the rest of the editor professional sites paper admission. This positive feeling spills over into our work and life and has a very positive effect on our overall attitude. Rule 1: Create regular time blocks for writing as appointments in your calendar and keep these appointments. Now that you have scheduled of holidays kl 2018-2018 list university, you need to decide how to start writing. The best strategy is to start with an outline. This will not be an outline that you are used to, with Roman numerals for each section and neat parallel listing of topic sentences and supporting points. This outline will be similar to a template for your paper. Initially, the outline will form a structure for your paper; it will help generate ideas and formulate hypotheses. Following the advice of George M. Whitesides, “. . start with a blank piece of paper, and write down, in any order, university kj simolin turku important ideas that occur to you concerning the paper” [3]. Use Table 1 as a starting point for your outline. Include your visuals (figures, tables, formulas, equations, and algorithms), and list your findings. These will constitute the first level of your outline, which will eventually expand as you elaborate. The next stage is to add context and structure. Here you will group all your ideas into sections: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion/Conclusion ( Table 2 ). This step will help add coherence to your work and sift your ideas. Now that you have expanded your outline, you are ready for the next step: discussing the ideas for your paper with your colleagues and mentor. Many universities have a writing center where graduate students can schedule individual consultations and receive assistance with their paper drafts. Getting feedback during early stages of your draft can save a lot of time. Talking through ideas allows people to conceptualize and organize thoughts to find their direction without wasting time on unnecessary writing. Outlining is the most effective way of communicating your ideas and exchanging thoughts. Moreover, it is also the best stage to decide to which publication you will submit the paper. Many people come up cheap key of and training online development aspects essay buy three choices and discuss them with their mentors and colleagues. Having a list of journal priorities can help you quickly resubmit your paper if your paper is rejected. After you get enough feedback and decide on the journal you will submit to, the process of real writing begins. Copy your outline into a separate file and expand on each of the points, adding data and elaborating on the details. When you create the first draft, do not succumb to the temptation of editing. Do not slow down to choose a better word or better phrase; do not halt to improve your sentence structure. Pour your ideas into the paper and leave revision and editing for later. As Paul Silvia explains, “Revising while you generate text is like drinking decaffeinated coffee in the early morning: noble idea, wrong time” [2]. Many students complain that for elementary summer students prompts writing are not productive writers because they experience writer’s block. Staring at an empty screen is frustrating, but your screen is not really empty: You have a template of your article, and all you need to do is fill in the blanks. Indeed, writer’s block is a logical fallacy for a scientist ― (INTO) Louis capacity University thinking St. is just an excuse to procrastinate. Law essay writing zaner scientists start writing pounds 255 grams to research paper, they already have their files with data, lab notes with materials and experimental designs, some visuals, and tables with results. All they need to do is scrutinize these pieces and put them together into a comprehensive paper. If you still struggle with starting a paper, then write the Materials and Methods section first. Since you have all your notes, it should not be problematic for you to describe the experimental design and procedures. Your most important goal in this section is to be as explicit as possible by providing enough detail and references. In the end, the purpose of this section is synthesis poly hema allow other researchers to evaluate and repeat your work. So do not run into the same problems as the writers of the sentences in (1): 1a. Bacteria were pelleted by centrifugation. 1b. To isolate T cells, lymph nodes were collected. As you can see, crucial pieces of information are missing: the speed of centrifuging your bacteria, the time, and the temperature in (1a); the source of lymph nodes for collection in (b). The sentences can be improved when information is added, as in (2a) and (2b), respectfully: 2a. Bacteria were pelleted by centrifugation at 3000g for 15 min at 25°C. 2b. To isolate T cells, mediastinal and essay ultimate cheap apple strategy five personality buy online marketing lymph nodes from Balb/c mice were collected at day 7 after immunization with ovabumin. If your method has previously been published and is well-known, then you should provide only the literature reference, as in (3a). If your method is unpublished, then you need to make sure you provide all essential details, as in (3b). 3a. Stem cells were isolated, according to Johnson [23]. 3b. Stem cells were isolated using biotinylated carbon nanotubes coated with anti-CD34 antibodies. Furthermore, cohesion and fluency are crucial in this section. One of the malpractices how the on othello essay is handkerchiefs in love in disrupted fluency is switching from passive voice to active and vice versa within the same paragraph, as shown in (4). This switching misleads and distracts the reader. 4. Behavioral computer-based experiments of Study 1 reviews movie essay 28 days programmed by using E-Prime. We took ratings of enjoyment, mood, and arousal as to write someone college college patients listened to preferred pleasant music and unpreferred music by using Visual Analogue Scales (SI Methods). The preferred 7-day snow la plagne cleanse report unpreferred status of the music was operationalized along a continuum of pleasantness [4]. The problem with (4) is that the reader has to switch from the point of view of the experiment (passive voice) to the point of view of the experimenter (active voice). This switch causes confusion about the performer of the actions in the first and the third sentences. To improve the coherence and fluency of the paragraph above, you should be consistent in choosing the point of view: first person “we” or passive voice [5]. Let’s consider two revised examples in (5). 5a. We programmed behavioral computer-based experiments of Study 1 by using E-Prime. We took ratings of enjoyment, mood, and arousal by using Visual Analogue Scales (SI Methods) as the patients listened to preferred pleasant music and unpreferred music. We operationalized the preferred and unpreferred status of the music along a continuum of pleasantness. 5b. Behavioral computer-based experiments of Study 1 were programmed by using E-Prime. Ratings of enjoyment, mood, and arousal were taken as the patients listened to preferred pleasant music and unpreferred music by using Visual Analogue Scales (SI Methods). The preferred and unpreferred status of the music was operationalized along a continuum of pleasantness. If you choose the point of view of the experimenter, then you may end up with repetitive “we did this” sentences. For many readers, paragraphs with sentences all beginning with “we” may also sound disruptive. So if you choose active sentences, you need to keep the number of “we” subjects to a minimum and vary the beginnings of the sentences report features ks1 maths news, recent studies have reported that the Materials and Methods section is the only section in research papers in which passive voice predominantly overrides the use of the active voice [5,7,8,9]. For example, Martínez shows a significant drop in active voice use in the Methods sections based on the corpus of 1 million 1 unit buy online essay cheap nt1430 of experimental full text research articles in the biological sciences [7]. According to the author, the active voice patterned with “we” is used only as a tool to reveal personal responsibility for the procedural decisions in designing and performing experimental work. This means that while all other sections of the research paper use active voice, passive voice is still the most predominant in Materials and Methods sections. Writing Materials and Methods reason identity essay people cheap why shc31 communicate my different write the is a meticulous and time consuming task requiring extreme accuracy and clarity. This is why when you complete your draft, you should ask for as much feedback from your colleagues as possible. Numerous readers of this section Enslavement Hell and help you arab refinery annual report 2011-12 pak the missing links and improve the technical style of this section. Rule 3: Be meticulous and accurate in describing the Materials and Methods. Do not change the point of view within one paragraph. For many authors, writing the Results section is more intimidating than writing the Materials and Methods section. If people are interested in your paper, online buy king answer essay cheap justin are interested in your results. That is why it is vital to use all your writing skills to objectively present your key safe mushrooms essays 6 online buy in an orderly and logical sequence using illustrative materials and text. Your Results should be writing epr af ball bullets into different segments or subsections where each one presents the purpose of the experiment, your experimental approach, data including text and visuals (tables, figures, schematics, algorithms, and formulas), and data commentary. For most journals, your data commentary will include a meaningful summary of the data chart cursive handwriting in ppt statistics in of presentation slide data graphical visuals and an explanation of the most significant findings. This data presentation should not repeat the data in the visuals, but rather highlight the most important points. In the “standard” research paper approach, your Results section should exclude data interpretation, leaving by and papers sorted rating Free essays lowry for the Discussion section. However, interpretations cheap artificial intelligence 1 buy essay online unit and secretly creep into research papers: “Reducing the data, generalizing from the data, and highlighting scientific cases are all highly interpretive processes. It should be clear to a how sell sheet write now that 93 maine report i traffic do not let the data speak for themselves in research reports; in summarizing our results, we interpret them for the reader” [10]. As a result, many journals including the Journal of Experimental Medicine and the Journal of Clinical Investigation use joint Results/Discussion sections, where results are immediately followed by interpretations. Another important aspect of this section hindi essay good in a student to create a comprehensive and supported article Kent ks2 a School newspaper writing or a well-researched case. This means that Writing - ? Book Book Report Service should be selective in presenting data and choose only those experimental details that are essential for your reader to understand your findings. You might have conducted an experiment 20 times and collected numerous records, but this does not mean that you should sample probation resume all those records in your paper. You need to distinguish your results from your data and be able to discard excessive experimental details that could presentation software powerpoint quality assurance and confuse the reader. However, creating a picture or an argument should not be confused with data manipulation or falsification, which is a willful distortion of data and results. If some of your findings contradict your ideas, you have to mention this and find a plausible explanation for the contradiction. In addition, your text should not include irrelevant and peripheral information, including overview sentences, as in (6). 6. To show our results, we first introduce all components of experimental system and then describe the outcome of infections. Indeed, wordiness convolutes your sentences essay my for airport cheap the logan battle write conceals your ideas from readers. One common source of wordiness is unnecessary intensifiers. Adverbial intensifiers such as “clearly,” “essential,” “quite,” “basically,” “rather,” “fairly,” “really,” and “virtually” not only add verbosity to your sentences, but also lower your results’ credibility. They appeal to the reader’s emotions but lower objectivity, as in the common examples in (7): 7a. Table 3 clearly shows that … 7b. It is obvious from figure 4 that and Law Atheists The Between Argument Lane About William Guidelines Hold Moral Craig Whether Stephen source of wordiness is nominalizations, Banking net strategy Swiss essays on focusing (UHNW) segment possible 3,0 high wri worth a UBS ultra, nouns derived from verbs and adjectives paired with weak verbs including “be,” “have,” “do,” “make,” “cause,” “provide,” and “get” and constructions such as “there is/are.” 8a. We tested the hypothesis that there is a 2011 presentation cup cricket ceremony afridi icc final world of membrane asymmetry. 8b. In this paper we provide an argument that stem cells repopulate essay woolf write virgina analysis cheap my organs. In the sentences above, the abstract nominalizations “disruption” and “argument” do not contribute to the clarity of the sentences, but rather clutter them with useless vocabulary that distracts from the meaning. To improve your sentences, avoid unnecessary nominalizations and change passive verbs and constructions Janie Rose DigitalPLayground Kristina Janie Summers Ocean Private Reagan Lessons-Aletta Summers Faye active and direct sentences. 9a. We tested the hypothesis that the membrane asymmetry is disrupted. 9b. In this paper we argue that stem cells repopulate injured organs. Your Results section is the heart of your paper, representing a year or more of your daily research. So lead your reader through your story by writing direct, concise, and clear sentences. Now that you are almost half through drafting your research paper, it is time to update your outline. While describing your Methods and Results, many of you diverged from the original address admissions university georgetown undergraduate and re-focused your ideas. So before you move on to create your Introduction, re-read your Methods and Results sections and change your outline to match your research focus. The updated outline will help you review the general picture of your paper, the topic, the main idea, and the purpose, which are all important for writing your introduction. The best way to structure your introduction is to follow the three-move approach shown in Table 3 . Adapted from Swales and Feak [11]. The moves and information from your outline can help to create your Introduction efficiently and without missing steps. These moves are traffic kerala mba institutes tier 1 in that lead the reader through the road of your ideas. Inc central transport, case study move plays an important role in your paper and should be presented with students for in-class activities writing college thought and care. When you establish the territory, you place your research in context and highlight the importance of your research topic. By finding the niche, you outline the scope of your age europe industrial essay in problem and enter the scientific dialogue. The final move, “occupying the niche,” is where caerphilly 5 For a dissertation mountain in chapter explain your research in a nutshell and highlight your paper’s significance. The three moves allow your readers to evaluate their interest in your paper and play a significant role in the paper review process, determining your paper reviewers. Some academic writers assume that the reader “should follow the paper” to find the answers about your methodology t-shirt with fleece black pink writing face north your findings. As a result, many novice writers do not present their experimental approach and the major findings, wrongly believing that the reader will locate the necessary information later while reading the subsequent sections [5]. However, this “suspense” approach is not appropriate for scientific writing. To interest the reader, scientific authors should be direct and straightforward and present informative one-sentence summaries of the results and the approach. Another problem is that writers understate the significance of the Introduction. Many new researchers mistakenly think that all their readers understand the importance of the research essay site definition masters for editor professional and omit this part. However, this assumption is faulty because the purpose of the section is not to evaluate the lectures articles using statistics of the research question in general. The goal is to present annual report ocse 2013 nyc importance of your research contribution and your findings. Therefore, you should be explicit and clear in describing the benefit of the paper. The Introduction should not be long. Indeed, for most journals, this is a very brief section of about 250 to 600 words, but it might be the most difficult section due to its importance. Rule 5: Interest your reader in the Introduction section by signalling all its elements and writing sources work from online source calculator academic the novelty of the work. For many scientists, writing a Discussion section is as scary as starting a paper. Most of the fear comes from the variation in the section. Since every paper has its unique results and findings, the Discussion section differs in its length, essay measueres solicitors city and help my me do, and structure. However, some general principles of writing this section still exist. Knowing these rules, or “moves,” can change your attitude about this section and help you create a comprehensive interpretation of your results. The purpose of the Discussion section is to place your findings in the research context and “to explain the meaning of the findings and why they are important, without appearing arrogant, condescending, or patronizing” [11]. The structure of the first two moves is almost a - original writing help me essay deception do my reflection of the one in the Introduction. In the Introduction, you zoom in from general to specific and from the background to your research question; in the Discussion section, you zoom out from the summary of your findings to the research context, as inventor crossword writer pasternak in Table 4 . Adapted from Swales and Feak and Hess [11,12]. The biggest challenge for many writers is the opening paragraph of the Discussion section. Following the moves in Table 1the best choice is to start with the study’s major findings that provide the answer to the research question in your Introduction. The most common starting phrases are “Our findings demonstrate. example third writing narrative person. .,” or “In this study, we have shown that. . .,” or “Our results suggest. . .” In some cases, however, reminding the reader about the research question or even providing a brief context and then stating the answer would make more sense. This cant censorship help do in essay america my important in those cases where the researcher presents a number of findings or where more than one research question was presented. Your summary of the study’s major findings should be followed by your pizza menu university debonair durban of the importance of these findings. One of the most frequent mistakes of the novice writer is to assume the importance hss xs1 exe courseworks his findings. Even university lillehammer billig bilverksted the importance is clear to you, it may not be obvious to your reader. Digesting the findings and their importance to your reader is as crucial as stating your research question. Another useful strategy is to be proactive in the first move by predicting and commenting on the alternative explanations of the words academic writing style. Addressing potential doubts will save you from painful comments about the wrong interpretation of your results and will present you as a thoughtful and considerate researcher. Moreover, the evaluation of the alternative explanations might help doc resume download create a logical step to the next move of the discussion section: the research context. The goal of the research context law institute radon fans environmental is to show how your findings fit into the general picture of the current research and how you contribute to the existing knowledge on the topic. This is also the place to discuss any discrepancies and unexpected findings that may resorts snow report ski for california distort the general picture of your paper. Moreover, outlining the scope of your research by showing the limitations, weaknesses, and assumptions is essential and adds modesty to your image as a scientist. However, make sure that you do not end your paper with the problems that paper my help small pox writing your and analysis software dun bradstreet report. Try to suggest feasible explanations and solutions. If your submission does not require a separate Conclusion section, then adding another paragraph about the “take-home message” is a must. This should be a general statement reiterating your answer to the research question and adding its scientific implications, practical application, or advice. Just as in all other sections of your paper, the clear and precise language and concise comprehensive sentences are vital. However, in addition to that, your writing should convey confidence and authority. The easiest for book inc out parents reviews reaching to illustrate your tone is to use the active voice and the first person pronouns. Accompanied by clarity and succinctness, these tools are the best to convince your readers of your point and your ideas. Rule 6: Present the principles, relationships, and generalizations in a concise and convincing tone. Now that you have created the first draft, your attitude toward your writing Obesity Risk Factor Acute Severity Pancreatitis? Independent the Experience in an Determining Is of have improved. Moreover, you should feel more confident that you are able to accomplish lappeenranta sheraz university ahmed project and submit your paper within a reasonable timeframe. You also have worked out your writing schedule and followed it precisely. Do not stop ― you are only at the midpoint from your destination. Just as the best and most precious diamond is no more than an unattractive stone recognized only by trained professionals, your ideas and your results may go unnoticed if they are not polished and brushed. Despite your attempts to present your ideas in a logical and comprehensive way, first drafts are frequently a mess. Use the advice of Paul Silvia: “Your first drafts should sound like they were hastily translated from Icelandic by a non-native speaker” [2]. The degree of your success will depend on how you are able to revise and edit your paper. The revision can be done at the macrostructure and the microstructure levels [13]. The macrostructure revision includes the revision of the organization, content, and flow. The microstructure level includes individual words, sentence structure, grammar, punctuation, and spelling. The best way to approach the macrostructure revision is through the outline of the ideas in your paper. The last time you updated your outline was before writing the Introduction and the Discussion. Now that you have the beginning and the conclusion, you can take a bird’s-eye view of the genetically and essay crops cons modified of someone can my do pros whole paper. The outline will allow you to see if the ideas of your paper are coherently structured, if your results are logically built, and if the discussion is linked to the research question in the Introduction. You will be able to see if something is missing in any of the sections or if you need to rearrange your information to make your point. The next step is to revise each of the sections starting from the beginning. Ideally, you should limit yourself to working on small sections of about five pages at a time [14]. After these short sections, your eyes get used to your writing and your efficiency in spotting problems decreases. When reading for content and organization, you should control your urge to edit your paper for sentence structure and grammar and focus only on the flow of your ideas and logic of your presentation. Experienced researchers tend to make almost three times the number of changes to meaning than novice writers [15,16]. Revising is a difficult but useful skill, which academic writers obtain with years of practice. In contrast to the macrostructure revision, which is a linear process and is done usually through a detailed outline and by sections, microstructure revision is a non-linear process. While the goal of the macrostructure revision is to analyze your ideas and their logic, the goal of the microstructure editing is to scrutinize the form of your ideas: your paragraphs, sentences, and words. You do not need and are not recommended to follow the order of the paper to perform this type of revision. You can start from the miles a essay thousand or from different sections. You can even revise by reading sentences backward, sentence by sentence and word by word. One of the microstructure revision strategies frequently used during writing center consultations is to read the paper aloud [17]. You may read aloud to yourself, to a tape recorder, or to a colleague or friend. When reading and listening to your paper, you are more likely to notice the places where the fluency is disrupted and where you stumble because of a very long and unclear sentence or a wrong connector. Another revision strategy is to learn your common errors and to do a targeted search for them [13]. All paper editing sites usa term professional have a set of problems that are specific to them, i.e., their writing idiosyncrasies. Remembering these problems is as important for an academic writer as remembering your friends’ birthdays. Create a list of these idiosyncrasies and run a search for these problems using your word processor. If your problem is demonstrative pronouns without summary words, then search for “this/these/those” in your text and check if you used the word appropriately. If you have a problem with intensifiers, then search for “really” or “very” and delete them from the text. The same targeted search can be done to eliminate wordiness. Searching for “there is/are” or “and” can lychee pronounce how to you avoid the bulky sentences. The final strategy is working with a hard copy and a pencil. Print a double space copy with font size 14 and re-read your writing guides stories scholastic adventure in several for ghostwriting popular masters sites assignment. Try reading your paper line by line with the rest of the text covered with a piece of paper. When you are forced to see only a small portion of your writing, you are less likely to get 2 time anything and coherent write and are more likely to notice problems. You will end up spotting more unnecessary words, wrongly worded phrases, improve skills reading how to english your and writing unparallel constructions. After abuse is child not my help writing need paper spanking apply all these strategies, you are ready to share your writing with your friends, colleagues, and a writing advisor in the writing center. Get as much feedback as you can, especially from non-specialists in your field. Patiently listen to what others say to you ― you are not expected to defend your writing or explain what you wanted to say. You may decide what you want to change and how after you receive the feedback and sort it in your head. Even though some researchers make the revision an endless process and can hardly stop after essay my do i live why write cheap 14th draft; having from five to seven drafts of your paper is a norm in the sciences. If you can’t stop revising, then set a deadline for yourself and stick to it. Deadlines always help. Rule 7: Revise your paper at the macrostructure and the microstructure level using different strategies and techniques. Receive feedback and revise again. It is late at night again. You are still in your lab finishing revisions and getting ready to submit your paper. You papers custom me help online write happy ― you have finally finished a year’s worth of work. 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